Jellyfish: A Natural History. Hardcover – Illustrated, June 7, 2016. by Lisa-ann Gershwin (Author) 4.8 186 ratings. See all formats and editions. Jellyfish, with their undulating umbrella-shaped bells and sprawling tentacles, are as fascinating and beautiful as they are frightening and dangerous. They are found in …Sometimes lending a helping hand is the only thing needed... And today, I am thankful. I’m thankful... for kindness, that still emanates from strangers, amongst a world f...Nov 2, 2023 · 15 Different Types Of Jellyfish You Need To Know – From the Graceful to the Deadly. November 2, 2023 by Tabith Barber. Jellyfish are fascinating creatures that have …23 Jul 2020 ... The two species of jellyfish-like animals, known as siphonophores, are The Portuguese man o'war (found along the south coast of England) and The ...Jan 18, 2024 · The world of jellyfish is diverse and intriguing, with thousands of species including the deadly box jellyfish, the elegant lion’s mane jellyfish, and the captivating …The life cycle of jellyfish can vary between species, but most follow a similar pattern. Polyp Stage. The first stage of the jellyfish life cycle is the polyp stage. During this stage, the jellyfish exists as a small, tube-like structure called a polyp. The polyp is attached to a surface, such as a rock or the ocean floor, and is capable of asexual reproduction …Just as you want people to know where to enter your business, you'll also need to let them know where to exit it!. Here is our list of the best exit signs we found on Amazon. If yo...The Types of Jellyfish on Cape Cod 1. Moon Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) One of the most common jellyfish species found in Cape Cod waters, the Moon Jellyfish, showcases a translucent bell-shaped body with delicate, moon-like markings across its surface. Its four horseshoe-shaped gonads are easily visible and add a touch of artistry … In jellyfish, the special nematocyst-containing cells fill the cylindrical tentacles, arranged in outward-facing rings of venom capsules paired with miniature harpoons ready to strike. Depending on the species, nematocysts might fill the jellyfish’s gut to help sting its prey, or protectively cover the embryos that the jellyfish releases. The severity of the sting can vary depending on the species of jellyfish and the individual’s level of sensitivity. In some cases, a jellyfish sting can cause intense pain, redness, itching, swelling, and even blistering. It’s important to be aware of these symptoms and seek medical attention if the reaction is severe.2. Lion’s mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) Also known as Hair Jelly, the Lion’s mane jellyfish is the largest known species of jellyfish.It is capable of attaining a bell diameter of 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) and the tentacles of larger specimens can trail as long as 30 metres (98 ft) or more.Feb 17, 2023 · Some of the individual species in this group include: Moon Jelly, Barrel jellyfish, Cannonball jellyfish, Cassiopea andromeda, Aurelia coerulea, Helmet jellyfish, and Lion’s Mane jellyfish. Hydrozoa – Hydrozoa is a classification that houses 700 unique jellyfish species. There are also many other colorful and diverse species of fish that appear throughout the movie, such as anglerfish, jellyfish, and pelicans. Each of these fish plays a unique role in the story and helps to bring the underwater world of "Finding Nemo" to life. In this article, we'll explore the 17 different types of fish from finding Nemo that tickled our …8. Nomura’s Jellyfish. This interesting jellyfish is named after the Japanese scientist who first studied this animal. It is commonly found off the Japanese coast and is a very large jellyfish. On an average, this beautiful jellyfish can be as large as 6 feet in diameter and can weigh as much as 450 pounds.Jellyfish are found in marine waters all around the world, including both polar regions, and equally inhabit the shallows as well as the deep. Some species are present even in freshwater systems (e.g. Craspedacusta sowerbii). New Jersey's coastal waters are no exception, and as some visitors to the Jersey …8. Nomura’s Jellyfish. This interesting jellyfish is named after the Japanese scientist who first studied this animal. It is commonly found off the Japanese coast and is a very large jellyfish. On an average, this beautiful jellyfish can be as large as 6 feet in diameter and can weigh as much as 450 pounds.Dec 15, 2022 · The 15 Must-Know Types of Jellyfish. 1. Lion’s Mane Jellyfish ( Cyanea capillata) With some specimens approaching the size of a blue whale, the lion’s mane …Use the selection box below to view full lists by group. The following is a list of Corals, Jellyfish, and Sea Anemones of concern. This list combines species from several endangered species lists. Using the total at the bottom of this page as an official count of endangered corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones of the world is …The bodies of all box jellyfish in their adult, or free-swimming medusa, form resemble a box-shaped bell, with clusters of tentacles trailing from each corner of the bell. Depending upon …The severe pain and burning from a jellyfish sting lasts about an hour or two. As the pain subsides, it typically begins to itch. The itching can last for a week. This gallery shows what different stings can look like. It also explains how they should (and shouldn't) be treated. 1.Jan 21, 2024 · 26 Types of Jellyfish Species. 1. Moon Jellyfish. The Moon Jellyfish is a unique sea creature often seen in coastal waters worldwide. Their name comes from the …Jan 18, 2024 · Swimming in the cooler waters of the open North Pacific Ocean, the lion’s mane jellyfish is an epic sight to behold. Recognized as one of the largest known species of jellyfish, it boasts a bell that can reach a diameter of about eight feet. Its long, trailing tentacles resemble a lion’s mane, hence its name. The different types of jellyfish have always become one of the marvels of aquatic life. These are also called as sea jellies or simply jellies. Jellyfish is one stage of Medusozoa’s life cycle. Numerous special morphologies are available in jellyfish that characterize plenty of various cnidarians groups including the Staurozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and …1 day ago · What Is A Hime Cut? ‘The hime cut is a haircut that consists of a blunt fringe and face-framing side pieces with the remaining hair left long and usually styled straight,’ …Oct 13, 2023 · There are about 200 different types of jellyfish, each with its own distinct color, size, and habit. We present interesting information on the various species of …Dec 3, 2020 · Unlike a lot of other animals, jellyfish don’t have a brain. They also do not have blood or a heart. Their nervous system which is known as a nerve net is very simple and allows them to smell, detect light, and respond to other stimuli. All 200 species of jellyfish exhibit radial symmetry. Jellyfish have been in the oceans for over 650 million years. That's from before the dinosaurs! There are thousands of different kinds of jellyfish, in sizes ranging from those as tiny as your fingertip to some with a 4 metre body and 60 metre tentacles. Most are known as 'true jellyfish' and are not harmful to people.Moon Jelly (Aurelia sp. 9 or Aurelia sp. new) Clear except for a four-leaf-clover shape on their bells, moon jellies grow as big as a Frisbee. These jellies brood their larvae in their frilly oral ...Quiz & Worksheet Goals. In this quiz, you'll make sure you know about: The species of jellyfish that live in one of the coldest environments on Earth. Australian jellyfish species with especially ... Jellyfish are gelatinous, free-swimming marine creatures with stingers commonly found throughout all oceans of the world. They first appear in the episode "Tea at the Treedome," as does the hobby dedicated to catching them, jellyfishing, usually at Jellyfish Fields. In comparison to the real world, jellyfish act far more like their real world counterpart than any other species in the show ... Jellyfish are carnivorous, which means that they feed on small animals such as plankton, brine shrimp, and small fish. You can purchase commercially prepared jellyfish food or create your own mixture using a combination of these ingredients. It’s important to feed the jellyfish in moderation, as overfeeding can …Jellyfish blooms are substantial growths in population of species under the phyla Cnidaria (including several types of jellyfish) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). Blooms may take place naturally as a result of ocean and wind patterns, [1] ecosystem shifts, and jellyfish behaviors though their occurrence is thought to have increased during the last several …7 min read. The Portuguese Man-o-War, scientifically known as Physalia physalis, is a fascinating marine invertebrate that’s both attractive and poisonous. Often mistaken for a jellyfish because of its similar appearance, the Man-o-War is actually a siphonophore. This means it’s made up of a colony of individual organisms that work together ...2. Lion’s mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) Also known as Hair Jelly, the Lion’s mane jellyfish is the largest known species of jellyfish.It is capable of attaining a bell diameter of 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) and the tentacles of larger specimens can trail as long as 30 metres (98 ft) or more. Their bodies are made up of more than 95 percent water. Graceful and sometimes dangerous, jellies range in size from miniscule to enormous. One of the largest, the lion’s mane jelly, has a giant-sized bell eight feet (2.4 m) across. Its flowing tentacles can reach 100 feet (30.5 m) or more — longer than two school buses parked end-to-end! Although most jellyfish are found in coastal waters, a freshwater species Craspedacusta sowerbyi is sometimes found in New Zealand lakes. There are several.Mar 8, 2022 · More about the marine animal is still constantly being discovered. Here are 10 unique jellyfish species that are both fascinating and beautiful. 1. Cauliflower Jellyfish. Jao Cuyos / Getty...Moon Jelly (Aurelia sp. 9 or Aurelia sp. new) Clear except for a four-leaf-clover shape on their bells, moon jellies grow as big as a Frisbee. These jellies brood their larvae in their frilly oral ...Jan 7, 2024 · Scyphozoa. Jellyfish are fascinating creatures that belong to the phylum Cnidaria, specifically the class Scyphozoa. This class includes the majority of jellyfish …Colonies of these polyps are created as the polyp clones itself which means a colony can cover an entire boat dock in a matter of days. Some types of polyp form ...The severity of the sting can vary depending on the species of jellyfish and the individual’s level of sensitivity. In some cases, a jellyfish sting can cause intense pain, redness, itching, swelling, and even blistering. It’s important to be aware of these symptoms and seek medical attention if the reaction is severe.Jellyfish blooms are substantial growths in population of species under the phyla Cnidaria (including several types of jellyfish) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). Blooms may take place naturally as a result of ocean and wind patterns, [1] ecosystem shifts, and jellyfish behaviors though their occurrence is thought to have increased during the last several …Well, humans, fish and quite a number of crustacean, like organisms called amphipods. They will land on jellyfish and eat the jellyfish slowly. And so then we got turtles, even mallards eat some jellyfish that are up at the surface. Sharks, some kinds of sharks actually eat jellyfish. It's really most of what's out there.The life cycle of jellyfish can vary between species, but most follow a similar pattern. Polyp Stage. The first stage of the jellyfish life cycle is the polyp stage. During this stage, the jellyfish exists as a small, tube-like structure called a polyp. The polyp is attached to a surface, such as a rock or the ocean floor, and is capable of asexual reproduction …Jellyfish can thrive in areas with lower oxygen levels, where other animals suffer. But there are other factors at work, too. ... There are believed to be around 200 different species of jellyfish, not all of which can sting, and some are considered edible. This could offer one potential, and creative, approach toward dealing with an over …Previous123456Next. Download and use 700+ Jellyfish stock photos for free. Thousands of new images every day Completely Free to Use High-quality videos and images from Pexels.It is known to associate with several species of cnidarian jellyfish, a behavior that is not rare in crustaceans. Indeed, phyllosomas clinging (PDF) Predation by the phyllosoma larva of Ibacus novemdentatus on various kinds of venomous jellyfish | Yuji Tanaka - Academia.eduJellyfish Tank Kit . A jellyfish tank kit is a great way to get started in the fascinating world of keeping jellyfish as pets. Jellyfish are not like other common household pets, and their unique needs must be met in order for them to thrive. A good quality jellyfish tank kit will include everything you need to get …Jun 9, 2023 · The box jellyfish is widely regarded as having the most painful sting among jellyfish species. Its venom contains toxins that target the heart, nervous system, and skin, leading to excruciating pain. Immediate medical attention is crucial when stung by a box jellyfish due to the severity of its sting. The Australian Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata) is also known as the White-spotted jellyfish. The Australian Spotted Jellyfish is native to the southwestern Pacific, where it feeds primarily on various snail species. This jellyfish averages 45 – 50 centimetres in bell diametre but a maximum size of 62 centimetres has been …Nov 17, 2023 · Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) – there are around 200 jellies within the scyphozoa category which is made up of cup-shaped jellyfish that usually grow to no more than 15 inches (38 cm), although there are …Well, humans, fish and quite a number of crustacean, like organisms called amphipods. They will land on jellyfish and eat the jellyfish slowly. And so then we got turtles, even mallards eat some jellyfish that are up at the surface. Sharks, some kinds of sharks actually eat jellyfish. It's really most of what's out there.They have no bones, brains, hearts, or eyes. Their mouths are found in the center of their bodies. They are usually about 0.5 to 16 inches and can grow up to 7 feet and usually …Just as you want people to know where to enter your business, you'll also need to let them know where to exit it!. Here is our list of the best exit signs we found on Amazon. If yo...The most dangerous jellyfish in the world is called the Box Jellyfish and is typically found in coastal waters off Northern Australia and throughout the Indo-Pacific. According to the U.S. National Science Foundation, 20 to 40 people die of box jellyfish sting each year in the Philippines alone. Although there have been …Some Jellyfish are transparent, while others are vibrant, and some are bioluminescent. Blue jellyfish species, purple jellyfish species, pink jellyfish species, yellow and red jellyfish species, etc. The majority of the Jellyfish belong to the class Scyphozoa or class Cubozoa. In groups, jellies are called ‘bloom,” …Jellyfish are a major prey item for sea turtles, especially the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Jellyfish make up the majority of the leatherback’s diet, diving up to 4,000 ft deep hunting them. Unfortunately, plastic bags closely resemble jellyfish in the water, which leads to animals accidentally ingesting them. This …Learn about the diversity, distribution, and characteristics of 18 types of jellyfish, from the common moon jellyfish to the deadly four-handed box jellyfish. Find out how to identify, avoid, and protect yourself from these fascinating and venomous sea creatures.Apr 6, 2022 · There are three species of box jellyfish found in Hawaiian waters: Carybdea rastonii, Carybdea sivickisi, and Alatina alata. Alatina alata is the largest of the three Hawaiian box jellies, but its body still only reaches between 2.5 – 7.5 centimeters / one to three inches tall. It’s certainly no guarantee you’ll get along: Some kinds of jellyfish use their sting to kill and eat other species of jellyfish. But nematocysts have many virtues. They come in very handy for cnidarians trying to protect themselves or grab a meal. In jellyfish, the special nematocyst-containing cells fill the cylindrical tentacles ...Below is a list of jellyfish species to help you track the seven kinds of jellies discussed in this lesson. ... Jellyfish are marine animals that lack most of the features we are accustomed to ... Crystal Jellyfish (aequorea sp) 11. Indonesian Sea Nettle (chrysaora chinensis) 12. Lions Mane Jellyfish (cyanea capillata) 13. Warty Comb Jelly (mnemiopsis leidyi) All photos taken with a Canon 5D Mark III and 35 mm f/1.4 L lens. There are more species of jellyfish, but these were the ones that came out best in photos. Types of Jellyfish. Jellyfish come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes. Read on to learn more about the diversity of these creatures, from siphonophores to box jellies; Scyphozoa to Staurozoa. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The jellyfish Cladonema (Medusozoa, Hydrozoa, Capitata) by Allen Collins …Jellyfish swarm British seas in the summer months and often wash up along the shoreline. Learn how to identify, what they eat and what to do if you're unlucky enough to be stung by one.EN. TR. HR. SL. Species of Jellyfish. Most people think that all gelatinous,swimming marine animal encountered at the sea are "jellyfish" and moreover that they all sting. But not all …Box Jellyfish. The Box Jellyfish is a highly advanced species. Native to the …The Significance Of Ciliary Swimming For Certain Jellyfish Species: Ciliary swimming, enabled by the coordinated movement of cilia, holds great significance for certain jellyfish species. Here’s why ciliary swimming is important for these jellyfish: Energy-efficient locomotion: Ciliary swimming allows jellyfish to move through the water using minimal …Just as you want people to know where to enter your business, you'll also need to let them know where to exit it!. Here is our list of the best exit signs we found on Amazon. If yo...Although most jellyfish are found in coastal waters, a freshwater species Craspedacusta sowerbyi is sometimes found in New Zealand lakes. There are several.Jan 4, 2023 · Most species of jellyfish prefer a water temperature of around 68-75°F (20-24°C) and a low to moderate light level. It’s important to avoid placing the tank in direct sunlight, as this can cause the water to become too warm and harm the jellyfish. Different kinds of jellyfish thrive in different ways. This list is full of cool jellyfish that have amazing abilities, or might just be captivating to look at. Vote up the most amazing jelly creatures below and think about what their life must be like! 1. 129 VOTES. The Immortal Jellyfish. Video: YouTube. The jellyfish species Turritopsis dohrnii has been named …24 Sept 2014 ... Moon jellies are the most common species found around Sanibel. Like all jellies, this species isn't an excellent swimmer but is able to pulse ...The weight of a jellyfish depends on the species. One of the more common species, the deadly box jellyfish, can weigh up to about 5 pounds. One of the largest breed of jellyfish, t...Jellyfish typically reproduce in three broad stages, varying slightly among species. Initially, a polyp asexually buds off from an adult jelly's upper end. In some species, normal fusion of egg and sperm results in an embryo that is brooded in the gut of the adult until it becomes a planula larva, but in other species, this process takes …A group of jellyfish is called a smack. When huge numbers of jellyfish, or any plant or animal, appear suddenly, it is called a ?bloom.? Jellyfish in a bloom can number in the mill...Quiz & Worksheet Goals. In this quiz, you'll make sure you know about: The species of jellyfish that live in one of the coldest environments on Earth. Australian jellyfish species with especially ...Jan 18, 2024 · Swimming in the cooler waters of the open North Pacific Ocean, the lion’s mane jellyfish is an epic sight to behold. Recognized as one of the largest known species of jellyfish, it boasts a bell that can reach a diameter of about eight feet. Its long, trailing tentacles resemble a lion’s mane, hence its name. Waikiki is home to three different box jellyfish species within this family, including Carybdea alata, Carybdea rastoni (jimble jellyfish), and Carybdea Sivickisi C. alata (winged box jellyfish). The box jellyfish that inhabit Hawaiian waters are relatively small, with the largest of the three being the winged box jellyfish measuring up to 3 …Some of the encountered jellyfish species in these waters include the Moon Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) and the Portuguese Man O’ War (Physalia physalis). Understanding these jellyfish species is crucial, for identifying risks. Nematocysts and Venomous Stings. Jellyfish employ nematocysts. Specialized …Removing tight screws sometimes requires using other tools. Here's how to loosen stubborn screws with three kinds of screwdrivers. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Lates...The Cauliflower Jellyfish holds a spot in the list of most venomous jellyfish species in the world. Despite that, their stings don’t hurt as much as those of the Box Jellyfish. Plankton, algae, small shrimp, and invertebrate eggs make most of the Cauliflower Jellyfish’s diet.Box jellyfish. Box jellyfish can cause intense pain and, rarely, life-threatening reactions. The more dangerous species of box jellyfish are in the warm waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Portuguese man-of-war. Also called bluebottle jellyfish, Portuguese man-of-war jellyfish live mostly in warmer seas. … There are more than 10,000 species of Cnidaria, and roughly 4,000 of these make up Medusozoa—a group that contains all animals we think of as jellyfish. Jellyfish is the name for the swimming adult medusa stage of in the life cycle of these animals. The 4,000 or so medusozoans are divided into four different groups. EN. TR. HR. SL. Species of Jellyfish. Most people think that all gelatinous,swimming marine animal encountered at the sea are "jellyfish" and moreover that they all sting. But not all …20 Sept 2022 ... Find out more about the different types of jellyfish in our article: https://facts.net/types-of-jellyfish/ A jellyfish, or “sea jelly”, ...There are also many other colorful and diverse species of fish that appear throughout the movie, such as anglerfish, jellyfish, and pelicans. Each of these fish plays a unique role in the story and helps to bring the underwater world of "Finding Nemo" to life. In this article, we'll explore the 17 different types of fish from finding Nemo that tickled our …
Jan 21, 2024 · Chironex fleckeri. Common Names: Box Jellyfish, Australian Box Jellyfish, Sea Wasp. Origin: Indo-Pacific region; primarily in Northern Australia and Southeast Asia. Habitat: Coastal waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Size: Up to 30 cm in diameter; up to 3 m in tentacle length. . How can i create game
More than half of all jellyfish species produce some kind of bioluminescence, largely as a deterrent to predators. Some even secrete lambent mucus to further confuse potential executioners. Aequorea victoria, the jellyfish pictured here, produces a green glow around the rim of its bell by passing its initially blue light through a …Abstract. 'Jellyfish’ is a popular term used for any gelatinous animal in marine waters. The true jellyfish include hundreds of different kinds of umbrella-shaped swimming and stinging animals ...From the deadliest tiny creatures … to animals that never die … Here are 20 amazing and unusual species of JellyfishSubscribe to Epic Wildlife http://goo.gl...Jellyfish swarm British seas in the summer months and often wash up along the shoreline. Learn how to identify, what they eat and what to do if you're unlucky enough to be stung by one.Here’re the most common types of jellyfish found in UK waters and how harmful they are. It should be noted that all jellyfish can sting to some degree but not all are painful and hazardous to life. Allergic reactions can occur, however, with any kind of toxin entering the body. If you get stung and suffer adverse effects then seek medical help immediately.Moon Jellyfish . Moon jellyfishare the most common type of jellyfish seen at Pensacola Beach. They have a pink four-leaf clover shape in the center of their bell with short tentacles on the edges. Moon jellyfish stings are incredibly mild, with the top part being safe to touch. Atlantic Sea Nettles. At the Jellyfish Warehouse, we are constantly working to grow the jellyfish hobby and make it more accessible to the world. We are consisently the leader in aquaculturing and offering new and fascianting species of jellyfish. Jellyfish is all we do. Our company was started by a passion for jellyfish and a goal to expand the world of jellyfish ... Moon Jelly (Aurelia sp. 9 or Aurelia sp. new) Clear except for a four-leaf-clover shape on their bells, moon jellies grow as big as a Frisbee. These jellies brood their larvae in their frilly oral ...Oct 13, 2023 · 2. Lion’s mane jellyfish. The biggest kind of jellyfish is called a lion’s mane jellyfish, also known as an arctic red jellyfish. They have a maximum diameter of 8 feet and a maximum length of 120 feet. The bell of the lion’s mane jellyfish comprises eight lobes, and it is followed by roughly 150 tentacles. Mar 8, 2022 · James R.D. Scott / Getty Images. The lion's mane jellyfish ( Cyanea capillata) is the largest known jellyfish species, able to grow up to six and a half feet long. The average length is a foot and ... May 31, 2015 · Yes. Identification: Lion's mane jellyfish have a pink, yellow, orange, or reddish brown bell, that gets darker as they age. Their tentacles are thin, and often found in a mass that looks like a lion's mane. Where it is Found: Lion's mane jellyfish are a cool water species—they are most often found in waters less than 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Jellyfish ( Chryaora ,) are marine invertebrates. When the tentacles from a jellyfish come into direct contact with skin it causes symptoms of severe stinging pain, redness, raised welts, nausea, vomiting, or even death. The best treatments for jellyfish stings are Benadryl (diphenhydramine), OTC pain medications, topical … At the Jellyfish Warehouse, we are constantly working to grow the jellyfish hobby and make it more accessible to the world. We are consisently the leader in aquaculturing and offering new and fascianting species of jellyfish. Jellyfish is all we do. Our company was started by a passion for jellyfish and a goal to expand the world of jellyfish ... Types of Jellyfish. 1. Nomura Jellyfish. The Nomura jellyfish is one of the heftiest species of jellyfish, often capable of ballooning up to six feet (1.82 m) in diameter and lugging …Initial findings of these most recent surveys have revealed a new species of Aurelia (or moon jellyfish), another of Chrysaora (compass jellyfish) and two box jellies or cubozoans, one of which belongs to the genus Chironex.. Box jellies are one of the most venomous marine animals and a sting from Chironex fleckeri, a box jellyfish from …20 Sept 2022 ... Find out more about the different types of jellyfish in our article: https://facts.net/types-of-jellyfish/ A jellyfish, or “sea jelly”, ...Common along Australia’s east and west coasts, the white-spotted jellyfish is a large, attractive species that only live for a couple of months. The species also hitched a boat ride to North America and has invaded the Gulf of Mexico, says Mike. Australia’s white-spotted jellyfish has become a pest overseas.These are the most common types of jellyfishin the UK, according to The Marine Biological Association. 1. Moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) – it has four white rings. The stings are not powerful ....